1. Clinical Pharmacist in Canada:

•  In Canada, clinical pharmacists are expanding roles in healthcare sectors and are increasingly being recognized as the medication management experts of the healthcare group. According to the Canadian pharmacists’ association, the scope of the Clinical Pharmacists is listed below:

1. Prescribe drugs in collaborative practice settings.
2. Independently initiate therapy for minor ailments/conditions.
3. smoking/tobacco cessation.
4. Handle independently in an emergency.
5. Make appropriate therapeutic substitutions.
6. Change drug dosage, formulation, a regimen in collaboration with physicians.
7. Renew or extend the prescription for the continuity of care.
8. Inject any drug or vaccines.
9. Order and interpret lab tests.

2. Clinical Pharmacist in the USA:

• In the United States of America, Clinical pharmacists have licensed professionals with progressive education and training who practice in a wide range of patient care settings.

• According to the American College of Clinical Pharmacy,

1. They are the members of the health care team to ensure high-quality, patient-centred care to confirm that the patients receive the best possible results from the prescribed medications.

2. Clinical pharmacists assess medication-related needs, evaluate the therapy, organise the plans of care, and provide follow-up evaluations.

3. Medication monitoring in collaboration with the health care team.

4. Clinical pharmacists understand diagnostic and laboratory tests and recognize the rightest drug and non-drug therapies.

5. Counsel the patients and caregivers about medications and how to use them.

6. They also work as healthcare researchers, university and college faculty, drug information specialists, organizational leaders, consultants, and authors of books and articles on pharmacology and medication therapy.

3. Clinical Pharmacists in European Countries:

1. Clinical pharmacists mainly concentrate on patient-oriented services rather than product-oriented services.

2. In some European countries, the pharmacy profession has progressed to the point at which patient-focused practice is no longer the choice but the rule for most clinical pharmacists.

3. Clinical pharmacy is practiced exclusively in in-patient settings and hospitals, where access to patient data, information and the medical team is available.

4. Medical records of the patients in most of hospitals include sections for medication orders and clinical pharmacy progress notes on pharmacokinetic dosing and other relevant therapeutic comments and recommendations from the clinical pharmacists.

5. Clinical pharmacist is expected with expert knowledge of therapeutics, a good understanding of diseases and a good hold in pharmaceutical products.

6. Besides, clinical pharmacy requires strong communication skills with solid knowledge of medical terminology, drug monitoring skills, medicines information, dose adjustment techniques, therapeutic planning skills and the ability to understand and interpret physical and laboratory findings.

7. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a special skill and service provided by clinical pharmacists.

8. Clinical pharmacists are often active members of the medical team and complement ward rounds thereby contributing to bedside therapeutic discussions and optimizing therapeutic plans.

9. The services have been well documented in in-patient settings, and to a lesser extent in ambulatory and community settings.